With the recent advent of natechlogy, research and development in the area of nastructured materials has gained unprecedented prominence. Novel materials with potentially exciting new applications are being discovered at a much higher rate than ever before. Invative tools to fabricate, manipulate, characterize and evaluate such materials are being developed and expanded. To keep pace with this extremely rapid growth, it is necessary to take a breath from time to time, to critically assess the current kwledge and provide thoughts for future developments. This book represents one of these moments, as a number of prominent scientists in nastructured materials join forces to provide insightful reviews of their areas of expertise, thus offering an overall picture of the state-- the art of the field. Nastructured materials designate an increasing number of materials with designed shapes, surfaces, structures, pore systems, etc. Nastructured materials with modified surfaces include those whose surfaces have been altered via such techniques as grafting and tethering of organic or orgametallic species, or through various deposition procedures including electro, electroless and vapor deposition, or simple adsorption. These materials find important applications in catalysis, separation and environmental remediation. Materials with patterned surfaces, which are essential for the optoelectronics industry, constitute ather important class of surface-modified nastructured materials. Other materials are considered nastructured because of their composition and internal organization.